High pressure polyethylene LDPE 15803-020

GOST 16337-77 with changes 1,2,3
Chemical Formula: (C2H4)n

Method of obtaining LDPE 10803-020:
High pressure polyethylene is obtained by polymerization of ethylene at high pressure in tubular reactors and stirred-tank reactors using radical-type initiators.

Applications of LDPE 15803-020:
Designed for the manufacture of technical products, products in contact with food products, toys, films and film products, use in medicine (including the manufacture of products approved for packaging of medicines), in agricultural activities.

Transportation of LDPE 15803-020:

• By rail transportation (railcars, containers)
• delivery by the Supplier’s motor transport to the Recipient’s warehouse
• on FCA terms of the plant

LDPE 15803-020 packing:
25 kg bags.

LDPE 15803-020 storage rules:
Storage conditions – temperature not higher than 25 C, relative humidity 40-80%. Store in a closed room, excluding direct sunlight, at a distance of at least 1m from heating devices.
Before opening the bags with polyethylene should be kept in the production room for at least 12 hours.

Warranty shelf life of LDPE 15803-020:
3 years from the date of manufacture.

Physical and chemical parameters of LDPE 15803-020:

	Standard
Name of indicator	Premium grade	First grade	second grade
Density, g/сm3	0,9170-0,9210
Melt Flow Index of the batch, g/10 min	1,5-2,5
Variation in Melt Flow Index within the batch, %, no more than	+-6	+-12	+-15
Number of inclusions, pcs., no more than	2	8	30
Tensile Yield Strength, MPa, not less than	9,3
Tensile Strength at Break, MPa, not less than	11,3
Elongation at Break, %, not less than	600
Mass fraction of extractable substances, %, no more than	0,4	0,6	0,6
Odor and taste of water extracts, score, not higher than	1	1	–
Technological test for the appearance of the film	A, В	A, В	С

Polypropylene (PP)

Polypropylene (PP) is a strong and rigid crystalline thermoplastic polymer obtained from the monomer propylene. Polypropylene is a linear hydrocarbon polymer. Polypropylene has the chemical formula (C₃H₆)ₙ. Today, polypropylene is one of the cheapest among all available plastics.

Polypropylene belongs to the family of polyolefins and is among the three most commonly used polymers. Of all bulk plastics, polypropylene has the lowest density. 

Polypropylene is used in practice both as a plastic and as a fiber in the following areas:

– automotive industry
– construction (pipes and others)
– manufacturing of consumer products
– packaging
– furniture production

Types of polypropylenes

The two main types of polypropylene available on the market are homopolymer and copolymer grades of the material.

– Homopolymer polypropylene — is the most widely used general-purpose grade of this polymer. The molecule of homopolymer polypropylene consists solely of propylene units, and the material exists in a partially crystallized solid state. This material is primarily used in the production of packaging, textiles, medical products, pipes, automotive components, and electrical components.

– Copolymers of polypropylene are subdivided into random copolymers and block copolymers, which are obtained through the copolymerization of propylene and ethylene.

а) Random copolymer of propylene is produced through the joint copolymerization of ethylene and propylene. The molecules of this polymer contain ethylene units (typically up to 6% by weight), which are distributed randomly along the polymer chain. Such polymers are characterized by high flexibility and optical transparency, allowing them to be used for producing transparent products and components with an attractive appearance.

b) In the chains of block copolymer propylene, a greater number of ethylene units (5–15%) are present. The comonomer units are arranged regularly along the polymer chain (in the form of blocks). Due to this regular arrangement of units, the thermoplastic material becomes stronger, and less brittle compared to random copolymer propylene. Such polymers are suitable for applications where components need to have high strength, such as in the industrial sector.

– Impact copolymer polypropylene (Polypropylene, Impact Copolymer) is a blend of homopolymer polypropylene and random copolymer polypropylene. The impact copolymer polypropylene contains 45–65% ethylene units in its composition. It is used to produce items with high impact strength. Impact copolymers are primarily used in the manufacturing of packaging, household appliance parts, films and pipes, as well as in the automotive industry and the production of electrical devices.

Major suppliers of polypropylene include SOCAR, Borealis, ExxonMobil Chemical, LyondellBasell, SABIC, SIBUR, and others.

Comparison of homopolymer polypropylene and copolymer polypropylene 

Homopolymer polypropylene is characterized by high specific strength, rigidity, and strength compared to copolymer grades of polypropylene. These properties, combined with high chemical resistance and weldability, allow the material to be used in the production of many corrosion-resistant structures.

Copolymers of polypropylene are characterized by greater softness, but also higher impact toughness, strength, and durability compared to homopolymer polypropylene. The material has greater resistance to cracking and improved low-temperature strength compared to homopolymer. In all other properties, homopolymer slightly outperforms copolymer polypropylene

Homopolymer and copolymer grades of polypropylene can be used in almost the same areas of application. This is explained by the fact that they possess many similar properties. Therefore, when choosing a specific grade of polypropylene from the two mentioned materials, non-technical criteria often take precedence.

Properties and Advantages of Polypropylene

1. The melting temperature of polypropylene is as follows:
– Homopolymer: 160–165 °C;
– Copolymer: 135–159 °C.

2. Polypropylene is one of the lightest polymers among all standard plastics. This feature allows it to be used in the production of lightweight structures.

– Homopolymer: 0,904–0,908 g/сm³;
– Random copolymer: 0,904–0,908 g/сm³;
– Impact copolymer: 0,898–0,900 g/сm³.

3. Resistance to chemical exposure.

– Polypropylene is characterized by very high resistance to diluted and concentrated acids, alcohols, and bases.

– Polypropylene has good resistance to aldehydes, esters, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and ketones.

– Polypropylene is characterized by limited resistance to aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons and oxidizers.

4. Polypropylene is a highly flammable material.

5. Polypropylene maintains its mechanical and dielectric properties even at elevated temperatures, under high humidity conditions, and even when submerged in water. Polypropylene is waterproof.

6. Polypropylene is characterized by high resistance to stress cracking due to environmental factors.

7. Polypropylene is characterized by low sensitivity to microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, etc.).

8. Polypropylene has good resistance to sterilization by steam.

To improve the physical and/or mechanical properties of polypropylene, polymer additives can be introduced, such as clarifiers, flame retardants, glass fibers, mineral fillers, conductive fillers, lubricants, pigments, etc.

For example, polypropylene is characterized by low resistance to UV radiation; therefore, light stabilizers in the form of hindered amines are often added to it. This enhances the service life of the material compared to unmodified polypropylene.

In addition, to improve performance characteristics and processing, fillers (clay, talc, calcium carbonate, etc.) and reinforcing additives (glass fibers, carbon fibers, etc.) are also introduced into polypropylene.

Due to significant improvements in performance characteristics (new additives and fillers, as well as new polymerization processes and mixing methods), polypropylene is increasingly viewed not just as a cheap material, but as a polymer with high performance characteristics that can serve as an alternative to traditional engineering plastics, and sometimes even metals (for example, glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene grades).

Disadvantages of Polypropylene

– Low resistance to UV radiation, impact loads, and crack formation.
– High brittleness at temperatures below —20 °C
– Low maximum service temperature (90–120 °C)
– Susceptible to oxidizing acids, rapidly swells in chlorinated solvents and aromatics.
– The resistance to thermal degradation is significantly affected by contact with metals.
– Dimension changes of products after molding due to the crystallization process. This issue can be addressed by adding nucleating agents.
– Poor adhesion of paints.

Applications of Polypropylene

Polypropylene is widely used in various fields due to its high chemical resistance and good weldability.

1. Packaging production: good barrier properties, high strength, good surface quality, and low cost make polypropylene suitable for packaging manufacturing.

а) Flexible packaging: PP films have good optical properties and low permeability to water vapor, making them suitable for food packaging. Polypropylene is also used to produce shrink wrap films, films for the electronics industry, films for graphic imaging, components of disposable diapers, lids, etc. PP films are produced either as cast films or as biaxially oriented polypropylene films (BOPP).

b) Rigid packaging: containers (boxes), bottles, and receptacles are produced from polypropylene using the blow molding method. Thin-walled polypropylene containers are commonly used for food packaging.

2. Consumer goods: polypropylene is used in the production of certain components for household appliances and consumer products, particularly transparent parts, household items, furniture, devices, toys, etc.

3. Automotive industry: due to its low cost, as well as its good mechanical properties and processability, polypropylene is widely used in the production of automotive components. The material is particularly used for manufacturing battery cases, pallets, bumpers, side moldings, interior trim elements, dashboards, and door trim elements. Important properties of PP that allow its use in the automotive industry also include a low coefficient of linear thermal expansion, low specific weight, high chemical resistance, good weather resistance, processability, and a favorable balance of impact toughness and stiffness.

4. Fibers and fabrics: a significant amount of polypropylene is used in the fibers and fabrics segment. PP fibers are used in the production of ribbons (obtained by cutting films), strips, belts, bulk continuous filaments, staple fibers, spun-bond material, and continuous filaments. Ropes, twines, and cords made from PP exhibit high strength and moisture resistance, making them suitable for use in shipbuilding.

5. Medicine: polypropylene is used to manufacture various medical devices due to its high chemical resistance and resistance to bacteria. Additionally, medical grades of PP exhibit high durability under steam sterilization conditions. Disposable syringes are the most typical medical products made from polypropylene. The material is also used to produce medical test tubes, components of diagnostic devices, Petri dishes, intravenous infusion bottles, specimen bottles, food containers, trays, pill containers, etc.

6. Industry: polypropylene sheets are widely used in the industrial sector for the production of containers for acids and chemical reagents, sheets, pipes, returnable transport packaging (RTP), and more. This is due to the material’s high strength limit, resistance to elevated temperatures, and corrosion resistance.

METHANOL

Applications
There are three main areas of methanol usage:

Production of formaldehyde and synthetic resins from it, which are used in the manufacture of plastics, rubber, particleboard (PB), concrete, and other materials; the addition of methanol to gasoline to increase its octane rating; production of acetic acid, which is used in the manufacture of paints, adhesives, solvents, and other products.
A new technology called MtO (Methanol to Olefins) is also being developed, allowing for the direct production of olefins (primarily ethylene and propylene) from methanol.

In the oil refining industry, methanol is used as a solvent for cleaning gasoline from mercaptans and for the extraction of toluene. In petrochemistry, methanol is used for the production of isoprene and methyl tert-butyl ether. Methanol is also utilized in the gas industry to prevent hydrate formation (due to its low freezing point and good solubility).

Additionally, methanol is used for the production of formic acid, urotropine, dimethyl terephthalate, pesticides, and plant protection chemicals, as well as for protein synthesis (protein-vitamin concentrate).

In Russia, the use of methanol in automotive care products is restricted, as well as the sale of such products containing methanol to the public.

An important area is the use of methanol for the transesterification of fats in the production of biodiesel.

Safety Data Sheet

Certificate of Quality

Passport

Bitumen

Bitumen is used in construction for insulation, was used as a binding agent in the creation of mosaics made from semi-precious stones and shells, and in Ancient Egypt it was used for embalming and mummification.

Certificate

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Carbamide

UREA46 – Urea is a colorless solid substance with no odor, highly soluble in water and practically non-toxic (LD50 is 15 g/kg for rats). Urea is widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen (N) and is an important raw material for the chemical industry. Urea is a chemical compound that is a diamide of carbonic acid. It consists of white crystals soluble in polar solvents.

Petroleum Coke “KТ-Q”

Petroleum coke is a solid porous product ranging from dark gray to black, obtained through the coking of petroleum raw materials.
Petroleum coke is classified by sulfur content into low-sulfur (up to 1%), sulfur-containing (up to 2%), and high-sulfur (more than 2%); by ash content into low-ash (up to 0.5%), medium-ash (0.5-0.8%), and high-ash (more than 0.8%); by particle size distribution into lump (particle size greater than 25 mm), “nut” (6-25 mm), and fines (less than 6 mm).
Applications of coke:

• Aluminum industry, where coke serves as a reducing agent (anode mass) during the smelting of aluminum from aluminum ores (bauxites). The specific coke consumption is 550-600 kg per ton of aluminum.
• Raw material for the production of electrodes used in steelmaking furnaces.
• For the production of carbides (calcium, silicon), which are used in the production of acetylene.
• Manufacturing of abrasive materials.
• In the manufacture of conductors, refractories, and others.
• Low-sulfur and high-sulfur cokes are used as reducing agents and sulfidizing agents.
• Special grades of coke are used as construction materials for manufacturing chemical equipment that operates in aggressive environments, in rocket technology, etc.

The quality certificate can be viewed here:

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Turbine oils

Turbine oils are designed for lubricating and cooling the bearings of various turbo units, including steam and gas turbines, hydraulic turbines, and turbo-compressor machines. These oils are also used as working fluids in the control systems of turbo units, as well as in circulation and hydraulic systems of various industrial mechanisms.

Cylinder oils

Light cylinder oil-11:

– A petroleum oil designed for lubricating steam engines operating on superheated steam with high loads and low speeds.
– It disperses well and distributes evenly over friction surfaces.
– It does not cause corrosion of metal surfaces.
– It is stable against oxidation at high temperatures and during storage, and it forms virtually no soot.

Transformer oils

Transformer oil is used for filling transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other high-voltage equipment as the primary electrical insulating material.
T-1500 oil combines high insulating properties with those of an active cooling medium and heat transfer fluid. In oil circuit breakers, it serves as an arc-extinguishing medium.

Motor oils

Motor oil M-12VB belongs to the group of motor oils B; it is used for marine, television, and stationary diesel engines.

Tractor oils

The tractor oil AK-15 is produced from naphthenic grades of oil, which results in a relatively low viscosity index. This property allows the use of AK-15 oil for lubricating cylindrical and worm gears only under conditions of low temperatures and small contact stresses. To reduce the freezing point of the oil, a depressant is added to its composition.

Compressor oils

K-19 is a mineral oil derived from low-sulfur crude oil through selective purification. It is used for piston and rotary compressors operating under moderate conditions at discharge temperatures below 160 °C. It contains no additives.

According to the unified classification, K-19 oil belongs to the first group of compressor oils.

K-19 oil is widely used in various industries and transportation sectors where low-sulfur oils are required—such as in the chemical industry, for powering pneumatic systems, in refrigeration units, and in garage operations.

Under operating conditions, compressor oil K-19 is in direct contact with high-temperature compressed gas.

In accordance with the requirements, K-19 oil possesses the necessary operational qualities:

• has high thermal oxidative stability.
• prevents the formation of coke-like oil deposits in the compressor discharge lines.
• has good anti-foaming properties.

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